{"id":3946,"date":"2022-10-11T16:51:51","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T16:51:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/filter.watch\/en\/?p=3946"},"modified":"2026-03-11T13:52:37","modified_gmt":"2026-03-11T13:52:37","slug":"human-rights-and-digitization-of-public-spaces-in-iran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/filter.watch\/english\/2022\/10\/11\/human-rights-and-digitization-of-public-spaces-in-iran\/","title":{"rendered":"Human Rights and Digitization of Public Spaces in Iran"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Filterwatch<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> has partnered with <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/taraazresearch.org\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Taraaz<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, a non-profit organization at the intersection of technology and human rights, to produce a report entitled \u201cHuman Rights and Digitization of Public Spaces in Iran.\u201d It appears at a key moment for digital rights in Iran, as protesters take to the streets and the Islamic Republic responds with brutal online and offline crackdowns including <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2022\/sep\/22\/iran-blocks-capitals-internet-access-as-amini-protests-grow\">internet shutdowns<\/a>. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In recent years, multiple cities around the world have proposed digitizing public services and spaces. These are often termed \u201csmart city\u201d projects. Examples include smart traffic control systems, smart street lighting, online taxis and bike sharing apps, public wifi, and transportation apps. These projects, which heavily rely on partnerships between municipalities and private technology companies, are often framed as innovations which provide greater efficiency. However, digitization of public spaces can also lead to increased government surveillance, crackdowns on protests, exclusion of marginalized communities from access to public spaces, and more.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Iranian cities \u2014 the focus of our report \u2014 are no exception. Many cities in Iran have proposed smart city projects in recent years, usually in the context of larger economic development plans. However, in Iran, where <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/thenetmonitor.org\/bulletins\/irans-national-information-network-faster-speeds-but-at-what-cost\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">excessive state-forced localization of the Internet<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u2013 under the name of National Information Network or <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/data\/files\/The_National_Internet_AR_KA_final.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NIN<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2013\u00a0 has sparked outcry among digital rights advocates, such projects threaten to increase surveillance, restrict personal freedom, and violate privacy and other human rights.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The report begins with a series of case studies of real-world situations drawn from digitized public spaces. Here we list a summary of some of these cases:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Gender-based discrimination<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Digital platforms are becoming mediums for enforcing gender segregation policies. Examples include the Iranian bike sharing apps, which did not allow users to <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/bbcpersian\/status\/1163517834401443841?s=20\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">register as female<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and restrict women to ride in \u201cfemale-only\u201d parks, as well as reports of social media users receiving SMS messages from law enforcement about not wearing head coverings (hijab) in their cars and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tabnak.ir\/fa\/news\/906628\/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AD-%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD-%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%87-%D8%A8%D8%A7-%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88-%D9%88-%DA%86%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">NAJA\u2019s \u201cMonitoring Plan<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d for enforcing mandatory hijab. These messages were linked to traffic camera monitoring.\u00a0<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Surveillance and exclusion of marginalized communities: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Last year,<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to control the spread of Covid-19, authorities in Tehran mandated the use of national ID numbers to purchase subway cards from digital kiosks.<\/span> <span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, mobile apps were introduced to buy public transportation tickets<\/span><b>. <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As a result, Afghan refugees were <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/da-dk.facebook.com\/pajwak.hazara\/posts\/3427631704032581\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">excluded<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from this public service due to their lack of formal documentation. Furthermore, \u201csmart ID cards\u201d are now being implemented that rely on biometrics such as fingerprints and photos. \u00a0<\/span>Centralized ID system have been used for various applications including providing documentation for refugees and migrants (\u201c<a href=\"http:\/\/atba.ostb.ir\/?part=menu&amp;inc=menu&amp;id=60\">Amayesh Card<\/a>\u201d), providing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.mehrnews.com\/news\/4831053\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B5%D8%AA-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%87%D9%88%D8%B4%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF-%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C-%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA-%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D9%82%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C-%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AA\">proof of military service<\/a>, distributing the interests from government stock (Edalat) via a machine learning- enabled identity verification system called <a href=\"https:\/\/u-id.net\/sejamauthentication\/\">Sajam<\/a>, controlling import and export in borders cities, and more. In some cases centralized digital ID systems (that rely on biometric data) exclude marginalized groups and thus deprive them of their socio-economic rights, such as access to public spaces, financial services, and public education. On the other hand, digital inclusion can also invite greater government surveillance, opening the door to other kinds of human rights violations. For instance, in a registration form for digital national IDs, Iranians <a href=\"https:\/\/persian.iranhumanrights.org\/1398\/11\/national-id-card-discrimination\/\">were asked<\/a> to select their religion from a provided category of religions. The Bah\u00e1\u2019i faith \u2014 or an option such as \u201cother\u201d \u2014 was not listed in a category. As a result, Iranians belonging to the Bah\u00e1\u2019i faith had to either lie or decide not to receive a new electronic national ID card.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Public-private partnerships, data sharing practices:\u00a0<\/b>Municipalities use the <a href=\"https:\/\/iran137.com\/\">137 app<\/a> to allow residents to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dw.com\/fa-ir\/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%86%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD-%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1-%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86\/a-59679047\">submit reports<\/a> of incidents ranging from missed garbage collections and neglected asphalt paving to violations of child labor laws. In these reports, users can include photos and exact locations of incidents. This app provides an Application Programming Interface (API) that grants data access to government agencies and private companies. API streamlines data sharing practices, which produces concerns regarding surveillance, invasion of privacy, false reporting, and retaliation. Reports may result in crackdowns that only remove an already marginalized population from the public eye. Such practices typically fail to improve the social situation and lives of marginalized groups.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Non Iranian companies and smart city development: <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The South African multinational company MTN Group, in its<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/group.mtn.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/MTN-Sustainability-Report.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">sustainability reports<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, mentions the company\u2019s ongoing smart city projects such as smart parking solutions, smart street lighting, and NFC-enabled payments for services in cities such as Tehran, Mashhad, and Bandar Anzali. The projects are implemented by MTN-Irancell, a joint partnership between MTN group and Kowsar Sign Pniz (KSP), a state-linked Iranian group. <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.softinja.com\/news\/smart-city-in-the-second-phase\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Collaboration between the city of Bushehr and the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT)<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is another example. In addition, in December 2021, IPVM, a surveillance research group, <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.technologyreview.com\/2021\/12\/15\/1042142\/chinese-company-tiandy-video-surveillance-iran\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">reported<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on a contract between Tiandy, a Chinese video surveillance company, and the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC), police, and the military.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2><b>What larger concerns do these case studies raise?\u00a0<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">One of the primary concerns is surveillance. There is little transparency regarding the limits of data collection and sharing practices. Iran lacks comprehensive data protection laws, and government agencies have significant power over the private sector. <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There are no practical laws or accountability mechanisms to prevent authorities from asserting excessive control over the private sector.<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ride-sharing apps, e-maps, online delivery services, and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/billimob.com\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">smart billboards<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are just a few examples of services run by private companies that have potential for abuse via government surveillance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Interoperability of data management platforms, which has been repeatedly mentioned by authorities as a must-have for implementing smart city projects, is another major concern. Interoperability of data management systems within and between municipalities, law enforcement, and private companies allows data to be shared seamlessly with minimal regulation and oversight. \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipc.on.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/resources\/7foundationalprinciples.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Privacy by design\u201d principles<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> such as de-identification and minimization of user information collection have not yet made their way into smart city planning in Iran.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Because most smart city projects rely on collecting location data and camera images, government agencies can easily locate protests and identify protesters. Data scraping and <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/privacyinternational.org\/explainer\/4509\/how-social-media-monitoring-can-be-used-protest\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">using social media API<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">s is another method for surveilling protesters. During the past couple of years, authorities have exerted control over communication technologies and imposed internet shutdowns in order to stifle organizing (for example, the government has sent <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.radiofarda.com\/a\/30275387.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">threatening SMS<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to protesters).\u00a0\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<h2><b>Looking to the Future<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To alleviate concerns regarding the degradation of civil liberties, attention must be paid to details of public-private partnerships in the development of smart city infrastructure. Private companies should take \u201cprivacy by design\u201d measures to shield themselves from excessive government demands for access to users' information. Our 2020 <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5d159d288addab0001036c45\/t\/5fc1b55a7acac6192a00d7f6\/1606530425196\/DRTSAIran2020_English_compressed.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">report<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> provides a workbook entitled \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/octopus-viola-ke3g.squarespace.com\/s\/DRTSAWorkbook_English.zip\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital Rights Workbook: Start the Conversation in Your Company<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d for assessment of policies and practices.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Digital rights advocates should connect issues around state-forced localization of the Internet, e-government services, and smart city projects in Iran. \u201cSmart city\u201d projects, e-government initiatives, and the National Information Network take place within the same political and social context, and are often being developed by the same actors. They should not be studied separately.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">There is also a need for interdisciplinary research and collective action about these socio-technical issues. We anticipate that the above-mentioned concerns regarding \u201csmart city\u201d projects (surveillance, violating freedoms, exclusion from public services, privatization, etc.) will become more prevalent in coming years. Therefore, researching, exposing, and advocating against these projects requires collective action, particularly by digital rights and surveillance studies researchers, human rights NGOs, journalists, independent technologists \/ technology companies. Journalists and civil society actors should utilize mechanisms for \u201c<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.article19.org\/right-to-info-iran\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">freedom of information\u201d requests<\/span><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in order to investigate a potential lack of data governance.<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<h1 style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/filter.watch\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2022\/10\/Human-Rights-and-Digitization-of-Public-Spaces-in-Iran-EN.pdf\">Read our full report here.<\/a><\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Filterwatch has partnered with Taraaz, a non-profit organization at the intersection of technology and human rights, to produce a report entitled \u201cHuman Rights and Digitization of Public Spaces in Iran.\u201d It appears at a key moment for digital rights in Iran, as protesters take to the streets and the Islamic Republic responds with 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